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Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions - Wikipedia.Windows server 2012 foundation requirements free
Ubuntu is released every six months, with long-term support LTS releases every two years. Ubuntu is developed by British company Canonical , [22] and a community of other developers, under a meritocratic governance model.
Ubuntu is named after the Nguni philosophy of ubuntu , which Canonical indicates means "humanity to others" with a connotation of "I am what I am because of who we all are".
Ubuntu is built on Debian 's architecture and infrastructure, and comprises Linux server, desktop and discontinued phone and tablet operating system versions.
Current long-term support LTS releases are supported for five years, and are released every two years. Since the release of Ubuntu 6. Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable branch, which are synchronised every six months.
Both distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools e. APT and Ubuntu Software. Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, however, so packages may need to be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu.
Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian, [39] although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. Ian Murdock , the founder of Debian, had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible. One month before release, imports are frozen , and packagers then work to ensure that the frozen features interoperate well together.
Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation goal as to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project.
On 12 March , Ubuntu announced developer support for third-party cloud management platforms, such as those used at Amazon EC2.
It was decided to support " legacy software ", i. A default installation of Ubuntu contains a wide range of software that includes LibreOffice , Firefox , Thunderbird , Transmission , and several lightweight games such as Sudoku and Mines. Many additional software packages that are no longer installed by default, such as Evolution , GIMP , Pidgin , and Synaptic , are still accessible in the repositories and installable by the main tool or by any other APT-based package management tool.
Cross-distribution snap packages and flatpaks are also available, [46] that both allow installing software, such as some of Microsoft's software, in most of the major Linux operating systems such as any currently supported Ubuntu version and in Fedora.
All of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, Ubuntu redistributes some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component. Ubuntu aims to be secure by default. For increased security, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows the root account to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.
Most network ports are closed by default to prevent hacking. Ubuntu also supports full disk encryption [55] as well as encryption of the home and private directories. The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products.
For the Ubuntu desktop release Ubuntu also supports the ARM architecture. The x "AMD64" architecture is also officially supported. Live images are the typical way for users to assess and subsequently install Ubuntu. These can be downloaded as a disk image. Running Ubuntu in this way is slower than running it from a hard drive , but does not alter the computer unless specifically instructed by the user. If the user chooses to boot the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time, there is still the option to then use an installer called Ubiquity to install Ubuntu once booted into the live environment.
Creating a bootable USB drive with persistence is as simple as dragging a slider to determine how much space to reserve for persistence; for this, Ubuntu employs casper. Ubuntu divides most software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available.
Free software includes software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements, [71] which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include firmware , in the Main category, because although some firmware is not allowed to be modified , its distribution is still permitted.
Non-free software is usually unsupported Multiverse , but some exceptions Restricted are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the source code. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop environment.
In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognized repository for backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu. Backports receives no support at all from Canonical, and is entirely community-maintained.
The -updates repository provides stable release updates SRU of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository e. The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the -proposed repository before being made available to the public. In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable -proposed repository contains uploads that must be confirmed before being copied into -updates.
All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression. Canonical's partner repository lets vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software. Canonical supports the packaging of the software for Ubuntu [77] [78] [79] and provides guidance to vendors. The free software Wine compatibility layer can be installed to allow users to run Windows software.
Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. Additionally, third-party application suites are available for download via Ubuntu Software and the Snap store , [83] including many games such as Braid , Minecraft and Oil Rush , [84] software for DVD playback and media codecs.
Each Ubuntu release has a version number that consists of the year and month number of the release. Ubuntu releases are also given alliterative code names , using an adjective and an animal e. With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer, at least until restarting the cycle with the release of Artful Aardvark in October Ubuntu However, it is possible to skip an LTS upgrade, going straight from This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October in order to get "the perfect 10", [98] and makes a playful reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books, since, in binary , equals decimal 42 , the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.
Ubuntu Desktop formally named as Ubuntu Desktop Edition, and simply called Ubuntu is the variant officially recommended for most users. It is designed for desktop and laptop PCs and officially supported by Canonical.
A number of variants are distinguished simply by each featuring a different desktop environment, or, in the case of Ubuntu Server, no desktop. Most Ubuntu editions and flavours simply install a different set of default packages compared to the standard Ubuntu Desktop.
Since they share the same package repositories, all of the same software is available for each of them. AppArmor security module for the Linux kernel is used by default on key software packages, and the firewall is extended to common services used by the operating system.
Ubuntu had some official distributions that have been discontinued, such as Edubuntu ; including some previously supported by Canonical, like Ubuntu Touch , that is now maintained by volunteers UBports Community. Alongside the official flavours are those that are unofficial. These are still in the process of becoming recognized as official flavours by Canonical. Another major focus is Canonical Juju for provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and orchestrating enterprise data center infrastructure services, by, with, and for the Ubuntu Server.
As Ubuntu is distributed freely and historically there was no registration process still optional [] [] , Ubuntu usage can only be roughly estimated. W3Techs analyses the top 10 million websites only. Wikimedia Foundation data based on user agent for September shows that Ubuntu generated the most page requests to Wikimedia sites, including Wikipedia, among recognizable Linux distributions.
As of November [update] , Ubuntu Another Nvidia supercomputer tops the Green list and it and the next one are also Ubuntu-based , a list which is a reordering of former list, ordered by power-efficiency. The public sector has also adopted Ubuntu. As of January [update] , the Ministry of Education and Science of North Macedonia deployed more than , [] Ubuntu-based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in the country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations; [] the Spanish school system has , Ubuntu desktops.
Previously, Windows was used in the schools. Textbooks were also remade with an Ubuntu syllabus and was used in schools as of In February the majority coalition decided, against heavy protest from the opposition, [] to evaluate the migration back to Windows, [] after Microsoft had decided to move its company headquarters to Munich.
In March , the government of Iceland launched a project to get all public institutions using free and open-source software. Already, several government agencies and schools have adopted Ubuntu.
The government cited cost savings as a big factor for the decision, and also stated that open-source software avoids vendor lock-in. A month project was launched to migrate the biggest public institutions in Iceland to using open-source software, and help ease the migration for others. Starting in , the Wikimedia Foundation , the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia , switched from multiple different Linux operating systems to Ubuntu.
As of January [update] , almost half of Google's 20, employees used Goobuntu , a slightly modified version of Ubuntu. In , Jamie Hyneman , co-host of the American television series MythBusters , advocated Linux giving the example of Ubuntu as a solution to software bloat. In June , Canonical announced that they would be deprecating support for bit applications and libraries in Ubuntu Because Steam's Linux client depends on these bit libraries, Valve announced that they would no longer be supporting Ubuntu.
After uproar from the Linux gaming community, Canonical backtracked on this decision and decided to support select bit libraries. As a result, Valve will support Ubuntu Wine needs most of the same bit library packages that the Steam package depends on, and more, to enable its version of WoW64 to run bit Windows applications.
The parts of Wine that would continue to function without bit libraries would be limited to the subset of Windows applications that have a bit version, removing decades of Windows compatibility. In Canonical's statement [] on bringing back the libraries, they mentioned using "container technology" in the future to make sure that Wine continues to function.
Soon after being introduced in , doubts emerged on the conformance of the shopping lens a feature that displays Amazon suggestions in the searching tool Unity Dash with the European Data Protection Directive. Canonical did not reply. Almost one year later the ICO ruled in favour of Canonical, considering the various improvements introduced to the feature in the meantime to render it conformable with the Data Protection Directive.
Windows server 2012 foundation requirements free.Windows Update considerations
Windows Server hosts millions of apps, from simple IIS web apps to complex apps like SharePoint, Exchange, database, and 3 rd party products with integrated security, high availability, and replication across servers and clusters.
Hosts virtual machines on Hyper-V through Windows Server containers, Linux containers, and Kubernetes clusters with integration into native Azure services. Smithfield Foods uses a hybrid cloud approach to cut datacenter costs and deliver new applications faster. Customers who migrate workloads to Azure will have access to Extended Security Updates for both SQL Server and Windows Server and R2 for three years after the End of Support dates for no additional charge above the cost of running the virtual machine.
Eligible customers will be able to purchase Extended Security Updates for their on-premises environment. Azure Hybrid Benefit is a licensing benefit that helps you to significantly reduce the costs of running your Windows Server workloads in the cloud. Get days of dual-use rights between on-premises and the cloud. Keep the Windows Server knowledge you have while learning the future of hybrid cloud computing. Investing in your success with Windows Server Run business critical workloads in Azure, on-premises and at the edge.
Try Windows Server now Download the datasheet. The Datacenter edition, like the Enterprise edition, supports 8-node clustering. Clustering increases availability and fault tolerance of server installations by distributing and replicating the service among many servers. This edition supports clustering with each cluster having its own dedicated storage, or with all cluster nodes connected to a common SAN. Windows Compute Cluster Server CCS , released in June , is designed for high-end applications that require high performance computing clusters.
It is designed to be deployed on numerous computers to be clustered together to achieve supercomputing speeds. Each Compute Cluster Server network comprises at least one controlling head node and subordinate processing nodes that carry out most of the work.
It ties nodes together with a powerful inter-process communication mechanism which can be complex because of communications between hundreds or even thousands of processors working in parallel.
The application programming interface consists of over functions. A job launcher enables users to execute jobs to be executed in the computing cluster. Windows Storage Server , a part of the Windows Server series, is a specialized server operating system for network-attached storage NAS. Launched in at Storage Decisions in Chicago, it is optimized for use in file and print sharing and also in storage area network SAN scenarios.
It is only available through Original equipment manufacturers OEMs. Windows Storage Server NAS equipment can be headless , which means that they are without any monitors, keyboards or mice, and are administered remotely. Such devices are plugged into any existing IP network and the storage capacity is available to all users.
Multiple such NAS servers can be clustered to appear as a single device, which allows responsibility for serving clients to be shared in such a way that if one server fails then other servers can take over often termed a failover which also improves fault-tolerance. Windows Storage Server can also be used to create a Storage Area Network , in which the data is transferred in terms of chunks rather than files, thus providing more granularity to the data that can be transferred.
This provides higher performance to database and transaction processing applications. Single instance storage SIS scans storage volumes for duplicate files, and moves the duplicate files to the common SIS store. The file on the volume is replaced with a link to the file. Windows Storage Server R2 provides an index-based, full-text search based on the indexing engine already built into Windows server. Windows Storage Server can be promoted to function as a domain controller; however, this edition is not licensed to run directory services.
It can be joined to an existing domain as a member server. Windows Small Business Server SBS is a software suite which includes Windows Server and additional technologies aimed at providing a small business with a complete technology solution.
SBS has the following design limitations, mainly affecting Active Directory: [30]. Windows Home Server was announced on January 7, , at the Consumer Electronics Show by Bill Gates and is intended to be a solution for homes with multiple connected PCs to offer file sharing, automated backups, and remote access.
Intended use was for building firewall, VPN caching servers and similar appliances. Availability of the original version ended May 28, Availability of R2 ended March 5, End of extended support was July 14, all variants except Storage Server [9] , and End of Licence was May 28, R2 and original. All variants continued to receive Critical security updates until the end of extended support: [37].
While many features of the bit variant of Windows XP were brought over into Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, other limitations imposed by constraints such as only supporting bit drivers, and support for bit programs being dropped led to incompatibilities with the bit Windows XP editions available.
Among the improvements are many of the same updates that were provided to Windows XP users with Service Pack 2. Features that are added with Service Pack 1 include:. A full list of updates is available in the Microsoft Knowledge Base. Service Pack 2 for Windows Server was released on March 13, This was followed by build , known as Beta 2 Refresh. The final build is The upgrade will hang on a solid black screen late in the upgrade process. Rebooting such DCs exposes an option in boot.
An additional reboot triggers the automatic rollback to the previous operating system version. Until a solution is available, it is recommended that you install a new domain controller running a Server Core installation of Windows Server instead of in-place upgrading an existing domain controller that runs a Server Core installation of Windows Server R2.
For more information, see KB article Windows Server requires a Windows Server forest functional level. That is, before you can add a domain controller that runs Windows Server to an existing Active Directory forest, the forest functional level must be Windows Server or higher.
This means that domain controllers that run Windows Server R2, Windows Server , or Windows Server can operate in the same forest, but domain controllers that run Windows Server are not supported and will block installation of a domain controller that runs Windows Server If the forest contains domain controllers running Windows Server or later but the forest functional level is still Windows , the installation is also blocked.
Windows domain controllers must be removed prior to adding Windows Server domain controllers to your forest. In this case, consider the following workflow:.
The new Windows Server domain functional level enables one new feature: the KDC support for claims, compound authentication, and Kerberos armoring KDC administrative template policy has two settings Always provide claims and Fail unarmored authentication requests that require Windows Server domain functional level. The Windows Server forest functional level does not provide any new features, but it ensures that any new domain created in the forest will automatically operate at the Windows Server domain functional level.
The Windows Server domain functional level does not provide other new features beyond KDC support for claims, compound authentication, and Kerberos armoring. But it ensures that any domain controller in the domain runs Windows Server After you set the forest functional level to a certain value, you cannot roll back or lower the forest functional level, with the following exceptions: after you raise the forest functional level to Windows Server , you can lower it to Windows Server R2.
If the forest functional level is set to Windows Server R2 , it cannot be rolled back, for example, to Windows Server After you set the domain functional level to a certain value, you cannot roll back or lower the domain functional level, with the following exceptions: when you raise the domain functional level to Windows Server R2 or Windows Server , and if the forest functional level is Windows Server or lower, you have the option of rolling the domain functional level back to Windows Server or Windows Server R2.
If the domain functional level is set to Windows Server R2 , it cannot be rolled back, for example, to Windows Server Beyond functional levels, a domain controller that runs Windows Server provides additional features that are not available on a domain controller that runs an earlier version of Windows Server. For example, a domain controller that runs Windows Server can be used for virtual domain controller cloning, whereas a domain controller that runs an earlier version of Windows Server cannot.
But virtual domain controller cloning and virtual domain controller safeguards in Windows Server do not have any functional level requirements. Microsoft Exchange Server requires a forest functional level of Windows server or higher. AD DS cannot be installed on a server that also runs the following server roles or role services:. Though they are not operations master roles, another change in AD DS installation is that DNS server role and the global catalog are installed by default on all domain controllers that run Windows Server Improvements in AD DS beginning in Windows Server enable safer virtualization of domain controllers and the ability to clone domain controllers.
Cloning domain controllers in turn enables rapid deployment of additional domain controllers in a new domain and other benefits. The following table covers common Active Directory-integrated Microsoft applications. The table covers what versions of Windows Server that the applications can be installed on and whether the introduction of Windows Server DCs affects application compatibility.
Configuration Manager Configuration Manager Service Pack 1: Microsoft will add the following operating systems to our client support matrix with the release of Service Pack 1: - Windows 8 Pro - Windows 8 Enterprise - Windows Server Standard - Windows Server Datacenter All site server roles - including site servers, SMS providers, and management points - can be deployed to servers with the following operating system editions: - Windows Server Standard - Windows Server Datacenter Microsoft Endpoint Configuration Manager current branch Supported operating systems for Configuration Manager site system servers.
It was released for general availability on October 2, Windows Server is based on the Windows 10 October Update codebase. On October 6, , distribution of Windows version build was paused while Microsoft investigated an issue with user data being deleted during an in-place upgrade.
It affected systems where a user profile folder e. Documents, Music or Pictures had been moved to another location, but data was left in the original location. As Windows Server is based on the Windows version codebase, it too was removed from distribution at the time, but was re-released on November 13, The software product life cycle for Server was reset in accordance with the new release date.
Windows Server is a release of the Microsoft Windows Server operating system which is based on the Windows 10 November Update codebase. Windows 11 is the next generation release of Windows NT, and the successor to Windows Codenamed "Sun Valley", it was unveiled on June 24, , and was released on October 5, According to Microsoft, Windows 11 will be released for newer PCs first and then the initial release will continue till mid Windows 11 revamps the GUI and brings modern code, thus making it much faster than Windows It is also noted that Windows 11 updates are significantly compressed, so the updates are downloaded faster.
Also, Windows 11 does not show signs of the 'Installing Updates' screen while installing updates during 'Update and Restart' phase, thus finishing updates within 5 minutes. The system incorporates a renewed interface called "Mica", which includes translucent backgrounds, rounded edges and color combinations. The taskbar and the Start Menu have been redesigned and for the first time it is possible to place the icons in the center of the bar. The MSN widget panel, the Microsoft Store, and the file browser, among other applications, have also been redesigned.
It is expected that it will soon include compatibility with Android applications. In addition to this, it is the first version of Windows that only supports bit processors. On July 14, Microsoft announced Windows Since it is going to run on cloud and be streamed to user's device, it can be used from many devices, even on smartphones and other devices.
It will be mainly for business users. Now, it supports Windows 10 and Windows 11 too. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Overview of the version history of Microsoft Windows. See List of Microsoft Windows versions for a tabular view of releases and editions. Main article: Windows 1. Main articles: Windows 2. Main article: Windows 3. Main article: Windows Main article: Windows NT 4. Main article: Windows Me.
Main article: Windows Server Main article: Windows Home Server. Main article: Windows Thin PC. Main article: Windows Home Server Main articles: Windows 8 , Windows Server , Windows 8. Retrieved July 13, April 18, April 12, Here Are 5 Reasons You Should". Retrieved January 10, Windows Experience Blog. Retrieved July 9, Here's our review of the OS". PC Advisor. PCMag Australia.
October 31, The Verge. Retrieved June 25, BBC News. Retrieved November 22, Archived from the original on January 12, Retrieved December 16, Windows IT Pro. Archived from the original on February 9, Archived from the original on April 2, MSDN Blogs.
Retrieved May 20, December 3, Retrieved September 17, December 30, Department of Justice. The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products.
For the Ubuntu desktop release Ubuntu also supports the ARM architecture. The x "AMD64" architecture is also officially supported. Live images are the typical way for users to assess and subsequently install Ubuntu. These can be downloaded as a disk image. Running Ubuntu in this way is slower than running it from a hard drive , but does not alter the computer unless specifically instructed by the user. If the user chooses to boot the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time, there is still the option to then use an installer called Ubiquity to install Ubuntu once booted into the live environment.
Creating a bootable USB drive with persistence is as simple as dragging a slider to determine how much space to reserve for persistence; for this, Ubuntu employs casper. Ubuntu divides most software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available.
Free software includes software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements, [71] which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include firmware , in the Main category, because although some firmware is not allowed to be modified , its distribution is still permitted. Non-free software is usually unsupported Multiverse , but some exceptions Restricted are made for important non-free software.
Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the source code.
It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop environment. In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognized repository for backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu. Backports receives no support at all from Canonical, and is entirely community-maintained.
The -updates repository provides stable release updates SRU of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository e. The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the -proposed repository before being made available to the public. In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable -proposed repository contains uploads that must be confirmed before being copied into -updates.
All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression. Canonical's partner repository lets vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software. Canonical supports the packaging of the software for Ubuntu [77] [78] [79] and provides guidance to vendors. The free software Wine compatibility layer can be installed to allow users to run Windows software.
Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. Additionally, third-party application suites are available for download via Ubuntu Software and the Snap store , [83] including many games such as Braid , Minecraft and Oil Rush , [84] software for DVD playback and media codecs.
Each Ubuntu release has a version number that consists of the year and month number of the release. Ubuntu releases are also given alliterative code names , using an adjective and an animal e. With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer, at least until restarting the cycle with the release of Artful Aardvark in October Ubuntu However, it is possible to skip an LTS upgrade, going straight from This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October in order to get "the perfect 10", [98] and makes a playful reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books, since, in binary , equals decimal 42 , the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.
Ubuntu Desktop formally named as Ubuntu Desktop Edition, and simply called Ubuntu is the variant officially recommended for most users. It is designed for desktop and laptop PCs and officially supported by Canonical.
A number of variants are distinguished simply by each featuring a different desktop environment, or, in the case of Ubuntu Server, no desktop. Most Ubuntu editions and flavours simply install a different set of default packages compared to the standard Ubuntu Desktop. Since they share the same package repositories, all of the same software is available for each of them.
AppArmor security module for the Linux kernel is used by default on key software packages, and the firewall is extended to common services used by the operating system. Ubuntu had some official distributions that have been discontinued, such as Edubuntu ; including some previously supported by Canonical, like Ubuntu Touch , that is now maintained by volunteers UBports Community.
Alongside the official flavours are those that are unofficial. These are still in the process of becoming recognized as official flavours by Canonical. Another major focus is Canonical Juju for provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and orchestrating enterprise data center infrastructure services, by, with, and for the Ubuntu Server. As Ubuntu is distributed freely and historically there was no registration process still optional [] [] , Ubuntu usage can only be roughly estimated. W3Techs analyses the top 10 million websites only.
Wikimedia Foundation data based on user agent for September shows that Ubuntu generated the most page requests to Wikimedia sites, including Wikipedia, among recognizable Linux distributions. As of November [update] , Ubuntu Another Nvidia supercomputer tops the Green list and it and the next one are also Ubuntu-based , a list which is a reordering of former list, ordered by power-efficiency.
The public sector has also adopted Ubuntu. As of January [update] , the Ministry of Education and Science of North Macedonia deployed more than , [] Ubuntu-based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in the country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations; [] the Spanish school system has , Ubuntu desktops. Previously, Windows was used in the schools. Textbooks were also remade with an Ubuntu syllabus and was used in schools as of In February the majority coalition decided, against heavy protest from the opposition, [] to evaluate the migration back to Windows, [] after Microsoft had decided to move its company headquarters to Munich.
In March , the government of Iceland launched a project to get all public institutions using free and open-source software. Already, several government agencies and schools have adopted Ubuntu. The government cited cost savings as a big factor for the decision, and also stated that open-source software avoids vendor lock-in.
A month project was launched to migrate the biggest public institutions in Iceland to using open-source software, and help ease the migration for others. Starting in , the Wikimedia Foundation , the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia , switched from multiple different Linux operating systems to Ubuntu.
As of January [update] , almost half of Google's 20, employees used Goobuntu , a slightly modified version of Ubuntu. In , Jamie Hyneman , co-host of the American television series MythBusters , advocated Linux giving the example of Ubuntu as a solution to software bloat. In June , Canonical announced that they would be deprecating support for bit applications and libraries in Ubuntu Because Steam's Linux client depends on these bit libraries, Valve announced that they would no longer be supporting Ubuntu.
After uproar from the Linux gaming community, Canonical backtracked on this decision and decided to support select bit libraries. As a result, Valve will support Ubuntu Wine needs most of the same bit library packages that the Steam package depends on, and more, to enable its version of WoW64 to run bit Windows applications. The parts of Wine that would continue to function without bit libraries would be limited to the subset of Windows applications that have a bit version, removing decades of Windows compatibility.
In Canonical's statement [] on bringing back the libraries, they mentioned using "container technology" in the future to make sure that Wine continues to function. Soon after being introduced in , doubts emerged on the conformance of the shopping lens a feature that displays Amazon suggestions in the searching tool Unity Dash with the European Data Protection Directive.
Canonical did not reply. Almost one year later the ICO ruled in favour of Canonical, considering the various improvements introduced to the feature in the meantime to render it conformable with the Data Protection Directive.
However, the ruling also made clear that at the time of introduction the feature was not legal, among other things, since it was missing a privacy policy statement. In an effort to reach out to users who are less technical, and to foster a sense of community around the distribution, Local Communities, [] better known as "LoCos", have been established throughout the world.
Originally, each country had one LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most notably the United States and Canada, each state or province may establish a team. Ubuntu works closely with OEMs to jointly make Ubuntu available on a wide range of devices. Dell sells computers initially Inspiron 14R and 15R laptops pre-loaded with Ubuntu in India and China, with and retail outlets respectively. In early , Intel launched the Intel Compute Stick small form factor computer available preloaded with Ubuntu or Windows operating systems.
In March , Microsoft announced that it would support the Ubuntu userland on top of the Windows 10 kernel by implementing the Linux system calls as a subsystem. At the time, it was focused on command-line tools like Bash and was aimed at software developers. In , Microsoft announced the new WSL 2 subsystem that includes a Linux kernel , that Canonical announced will have "full support for Ubuntu".
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Linux distribution developed by Canonical Ltd. For the African philosophy, see Ubuntu philosophy. For other uses, see Ubuntu disambiguation. See also: Ubuntu version history. For further information on all Ubuntu releases including older ones not covered here, see Ubuntu version history.
Old version. Older version, still maintained. Latest version.
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